North of the Limpopo: Africa since 1800

ISBN: 086981 8015 

CONTENTS

LIST OF MAPS xi
PREFACE xiii

PART 1 TO THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (Ken Smith) 1
1 AFRICAN STATES AND TRADE BEFORE 1800 3
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST AFRICAN SOCIETIES 4
NORTH AFRICA 8
WEST AFRICA 13
The Sudan 13
Guinea 18
A European presence on the west coast 19
CENTRAL AND EAST AFRICA 22
AFRICAN TRADE AND TRADING NETWORKS 28
African initiatives and rationality 28
Short-distance trade 30
West African long-distance and trans-Saharan trade 31
The pull of the west coast 35

2 THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE 38
THE GROWING DEMAND FOR SLAVES 39
THE EFFECT OF THE SLAVE TRADE ON WEST AFRICA 43
THE END OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE 53
The abolition of the slave trade 53
Fighting the 'illegal' slave trade 56

3 WEST AFRICA IN THE ERA OF 'LEGITIMATE TRADE' 62
INTERNAL VS EXTERNAL FACTORS 62
PALM OIL AND SLAVES IN THE ERA OF 'LEGITIMATE TRADE' 66
FOREIGN TRADE AND AFRICAN ECONOMIES 70
THE STEAMSHIP 73
THE GROWING EUROPEAN PRESENCE 76
AN AFRICAN ELITE 83

4 IVORY AND SLAVES IN EAST AND CENTRAL AFRICA (c. 1800-1880) 88
THE SLAVE TRADE SOUTH OF CAPE DELGADO 91
SEYYID SAID AND OMAN! POWER IN EAST AFRICA 94
TRADE ROUTES INTO THE INTERIOR 102
THE EFFECTS OF THE SLAVE AND IVORY TRADE 105
The formation of secondary empires 105
Internal changes 110
Terms of trade, underdevelopment 114
EUROPE IN THE EAST AFRICAN INTERIOR 117
THE END OF THE SLAVE TRADE 121

5 MODERNISATION, DEBT AND TRADE IN NORTH AFRICA
(c. 1800-1880) 127
EGYPT AND THE SUDAN 129
THE MAGHRIB AND THE SAHARA DESERT 133
Algeria 135
Tunisia 137
Libya 139
Morocco 140
TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE ROUTES 143

6 THE PARTITION OF AFRICA: AN ,OVERVIEW 148
INDUSTRIALISATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND EXPANSION 150
THE ECONOMIC ARGUMENT 153
THE MEN ON THE SPOT AND THEIR GOVERNMENTS AT HOME 157
PRESTIGE, DIPLOMATIC AND STRATEGIC FACTORS 163

7 TRIGGERS AND EARLY MOVES: THE PARTITION TO 1889 171
WHO OR WHAT STARTED THE SCRAMBLE? 171
Jaureguiberry and Freycinet: the French 'trigger' 172
The Egyptian 'trigger' 174
Enter the Gennans 182
THE BERLIN CONFERENCE 188
THE 'LOADED PAUSE' IN WEST AFRICA, 1885-1889 192

8 THE AFRICAN PARTITION 202
EGYYTIAN EXPANSION 204
ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN OF AFRICA 207
SECONDARY EMPIRES IN EAST AND CENTRAL AFRICA 211
THE INDIGENOUS STATES OF THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL SUDAN 213

9 INTERNATIONAL RIVALRY AND THE FINAL PHASE OF THE PARTITIONING 224
ANGLO-FRENCH RIVALRY IN WEST AFRICA 227
ANGLO-PORTUGUESE FRICTION AND THE ENTRY OF CECIL RHODES 231
EGYPT AND THE WATERS OF THE NILE 234
Kenya and Uganda 238
The Anglo-French confrontation at Fashoda 241
Morocco 248

10 SOME PERSPECTIVES ON THE CONQUEST OF AFRICA 251
THE CONQUEST OF AFRICA 251
WHY WAS EUROPE ABLE TO CONQUER AFRICA SO EASILY? 254
A NECESSARY TIDYING UP? 260
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR PART 1 263

PART 2 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (F. J. Nothling) 269

11 THE FOUNDATION OF COLONIAL RULE 271
AFRICA'S ECONOMIC PROSPECTS AND DEVELOPMENT 271
GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS IN THE MOTHER COUNTRIES 274
THE POWERS OF COLONIAL GOVERNORS AND OFFICIALS 275
THE INFLUENCE OF METROPOLITAN PARLIAMENTS 277
THE SEARCH FOR FINANCIAL SELF-SUFFICIENCY 277
THE POLITICAL BASE OF THE SETTLERS 279
THE MOVE TOWARDS INDIRECT RULE 280
GERMAN TENDENCIES TOWARDS INDIRECT RULE 282
THE UNCERTAINTIES OF ASSOCIATION 284
DIRECT CONTROL- PORTUGUESE AND BELGIAN STYLE 287
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 289

12 EARLY AFRICAN RESPONSES TO COLONIALISM 296
THE ORIGINS OF THE WESTERNISED ELITE 298
THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING ELITE AND COLONIALISM 299
FRANCHOPHONE AFRICA AND COLONIALISM 301
POLITICAL AWARENESS IN PORTUGUESE AFRICA 302
NATIONALISM IN MUSLIM NORTH AFRICA 303
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR 305
The military impact 306
The political impact 310
The psychological impact 311

13 COLONIALISM IN THE INTER-WAR YEARS 315
REACTION AGAINST COLONIALISM IN EUROPE 316
THE EVENTUAL FATE OF THE GERMAN COLONIES 317
THE IDEA OF TRUSTEESHIP 320
BRITISH ATTEMPTS AT COLONIAL CONSOLIDATION 322
WHITE SETTLERS IN AFRICA 325
'NATIVE POLICY' 331
ECONOMIC TRENDS 333
RESURGENT EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM 334

14 NATIONALISM AND ANTI-COLONIALISM IN THE INTER-WAR YEARS 338
NATIONALISM IN AFRICA 338
ANTI-COLONIALISM IN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 341
Communism and anti-colonialism 341
Pan-Africanism 343
The beginnings of Negritude 346
NATIONALISM IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 348
ARAB RESISTANCE TO COLONIALISM 355

15 AFRICA AND THE SECOND WORLD WAR 365
AFRICA'S MILITARY INVOLVEMENT 365
THE ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE 368
WORLD WAR II AND THE COLONIAL POWERS 369
THE QUESTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRUSTEESHIP 373
THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND THE AFRICANS 374
THE COLONIAL REFORMS 376
THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS 380

16 THE DECOLONISATION OF AFRICA 385
THE EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION 385
THE LIBERATION STRUGGLE IN THE MAGHRIB 389
PAN-AFRICANISM AND THE DECOLONISATION OF TROPICAL AFRICA 392
THE CHALLENGE FROM THE GOLD COAST 394
FRANCE AND BLACK AFRICA 395
THE SUEZ CRISIS 397
BRITAIN AND THE 'WIND OF CHANGE' 398
FRANCE AND THE AFRICANS AFTER SUEZ 404
THE BELGIAN DEBACLE 406
THE DEMISE OF THE PORTUGUESE EMPIRE 408
THE INDEPENDENCE OF NAMIBIA 410

17 INDEPENDENT AFRICA 414
THE ECONOMIC CHALLENGE 416
THE FATE OF WESTERN DEMOCRACY 422
THE ARMY AND AFRICAN POLITICS 424
THE PROBLEM OF ETHNIC DISUNITY 428
THE NIGERIAN CML WAR 430
MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS AND THE CONSTRAINTS OF POVERTY 433
AFRICA'S DMNE PRESIDENTS 435
THE MOVE TOWARDS REDEMOCRATISATION 437

18 PAN-AFRICANISM AND AFRICAN UNITY 442
THE QUEST FOR UNITY 443
THE FORMATION OF THE ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY 449
THE AIMS, PRINCIPLES AND STRUCTURE OF THE OAU 451
THE OAU AND AFRICAN UNITY 453
THE WEAKNESS OF AFRICAN UNITY 454
ATTEMPTS AT ECONOMIC COOPERATION 455
THE OAU AND THE UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMITTEE FOR AFRICA 461

19 AFRICA AND WORLD POLITICS 467
AFRICA AND NON-ALIGNMENT 467
THE SOVIET UNION AND AFRICA 468
COMMUNIST CHINA'S IDEOLOGICAL STAKE IN AFRICA 472
THE CUBAN INTERLUDE IN AFRICA 476
THE SUPERPOWERS AND AFRICA'S STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE 478
MINERALS AND AFRICA'S STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE 483

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR PART 2 487

APPENDIX: COUNTRIES OF AFRICA 491
INDEX 495